I have a fully built API, that creates tasks into MS Teams "Tasks by Planner and To Do".
MS actual graph API used POST https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/planner/tasks
Sample API:
{
"routeId": "7fcxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-5d35838xxxxx",
"userId": "77cxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-5f09858xxxxx",
"tenantId": "dcdxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-31002a1xxxxx",
"title": "Task: Add you task title",
"hospitalAssignment": null,
"percentComplete": 0,
"createdTimestamp": "2021-04-20T01:51:49Z",
"startDateTimestamp": "2021-04-20T18:10:15Z",
"dueDate": "2021-11-20T11:47:33.000Z",
"Notes": "Add some useful notes here",
"checklistItems": [
{
"title": "itema"
},
{
"title": "itemb"
}
],
"attachments": [
{
"url": "https://www.google.com",
"alias": "link"
},
{
"url": "https://teams.microsoft.com/file/....",
"alias": "Test Document 1"
},
{
"url": "https://random.sharepoint.com/sites/...",
"alias": "Test Document 2"
},
],
"comments": "null,",
"priority": null
}
Hitting the above API creates a task in the planner as seen below
So, here is an issue - when I try to click on link it took me to the browser and opens up google which is fine. Now, when I click on Test Document 1 or Test Document 2 it throws an unknown error and Sorry, something went wrong respectively.
After that, I created the task manually and adding the attachments from Add Attachment and paste the links to the file there, then click the files works and opens up the documents.

Assuming you are referring to adding / updating the Planner Task Details for a PlannerTask;
there is a sample provided of adding (PATCH) a pptx file using a 'teams path' as you referred to it.
Note that the path must be (url)encoded.
Tasks - plannerTaskDetail < references
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/resources/plannerexternalreferences?view=graph-rest-1.0