Header styles are bigger than title styles in the Window type ramp, which is opposite of common use in PDFs, Microsoft Word, and print. Why are these styles seemingly swapped, and in what scenarios did the designers intend us to use each?
Clarification: I am not asking how to "fix" it. As a developer, I need to know the original intent of the styles so I use them properly as-is.

It is by designed in UWP. But you could change these styles easily to adjust your thoughts.
For example, you could find the
HeaderTextBlockStylein generic.xaml(let your mouse poniter hover theHeaderTextBlockStylein your xaml code and press F12), and copy the code ofHeaderTextBlockStyleinto yourPage.ResourceorApplication.Resources. Then, change theFontSizeproperty in aSetterstatement or other target properties to fit your requirements.