How the ftell() function works?

Question

I have this code and I don't understand how it works:

void print(char * fileName)
{
    FILE * fp;
    int ch;
    fp = fopen(fileName, "r");
    while (ftell(fp) < 20)
    {
        ch = fgetc(fp);
        putchar(ch);
    }
    fclose(fp);
}

How does ftell(fp) work in the loop? Because there is nothing inside the loop that get it up. How it is progressive?

Answer 1

ftell() gets you the current value of the position indicator of the stream(in your case, it basically returns the character position it is currently pointing to right now).

fgetc() gets the next character (an unsigned char) from the specified stream and advances the position indicator for the stream. This function returns the character read as an unsigned char cast to an int or EOF on end of file or error

Flow of your program

What that means in very simple terms is -

• fgetc() is reading one character after character from the file and advancing the pointer to the next character.

• ftell() is returning you the current position in in bytes from the beginning of the file. This means it tells the position of the character it is pointing right now(since 1 char takes 1 byte).

• So, your program reads from the file until ftell() returns the position which is less than 20.This means that it will keep looping until 20 characters have been read from your file.

Hope this clears your doubt !

Answer 2

ftell returns the current value of the file position indicator, and fgetc does advance the file position indicator within the loop.

---

But this program is wrong. For a stream opened in text mode ("r"), the return value of ftell cannot be used portably for anything else except for seeking to a previous position. From C11 draft n1570 7.21.9.4p2

[...] For a text stream, its file position indicator contains unspecified information, usable by the fseek function for returning the file position indicator for the stream to its position at the time of the ftell call; the difference between two such return values is not necessarily a meaningful measure of the number of characters written or read.

Indeed it doesn't make any sense to use ftell in this program. Either open the file in binary mode, "rb", and then it is guaranteed that

[...] the value is the number of characters from the beginning of the file.

or for counting characters read from text file, use a counter variable:

int c_read = 0;
while (c_read < 20)
{
    ch = fgetc(fp);
    putchar(ch);
    c_read ++;
}

Finally neither your original version or mine does not work correctly if the file has less than 20 characters. In that case EOF is returned from fgetc and putchar would write (unsigned char)EOF to the stream (most likely a byte of value 255!)

Thus the correct code would be

int c_read = 0;
while (c_read < 20)
{
    ch = fgetc(fp);
    if (ch == EOF) {
        // report the error
        perror("Failed to read 20 characters");
        break;
    }
    putchar(ch);
    c_read ++;
}