Pydantic: How to type hint a model constructor?

Question

How to properly type hint a model constructor, e.g. function that takes a model class and returns a model instance?

from pydantic import BaseModel


class Point(BaseModel):
    x: int
    y: int

First approach:

def make_model_instance(model: type[BaseModel], **kwargs) -> BaseModel:
    return model(**kwargs)

point: Point = make_model_instance(model=Point, x=1, y=2)
               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Here the linter flags the call to make_model_instance, but only if I type hint point with Point.

Second approach:

from typing import TypeVar

ModelType = TypeVar("ModelType", bound=BaseModel)

def make_model_instance(model: ModelType, **kwargs) -> ModelType:
    return model(**kwargs)
           ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~


point: Point = make_model_instance(model=Point, x=1, y=2)
                                         ^~~~~

Third approach:

from typing import TypeVar

ModelType = TypeVar("ModelType", bound=BaseModel)

def make_model_instance(model: type[ModelType], **kwargs) -> ModelType:
    return model(**kwargs)


point: Point = make_model_instance(model=Point, x=1, y=2)

This appears to do the trick, no complaints from the linter, but I don't really know why.