What is the precedence and associativity of operators?

Question

What is the precedence and associativity of operators in C++?

Who defines operator precedence and associativity, and how does it relate to order of evaluation? explains how those properties emerge from the grammar. However, I am simply interested in a list of all the rules.

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_{This question is supposed to be a community FAQ which can be referenced instead of the cppreference article.}

Answer 1

C++ Operator Precedence

Operator/Expression	Grammatical Rule	Description	Associativity and Arity
0, id, this, []{}, (expression), (x, ...), requires () {}	primary-expression	Literals, identifiers, fold expressions, requires expressions, etc. These don't really have precedence, but are the building block out of which other expressions are built.	None
::	qualified-id	Scope resolution. :: is also not an operator strictly speaking, but a way of combining multiple identifiers into a single name.	Left-to-right Binary
x++ x-- type() type{} x() x[] ., -> static_cast typeid, ...	postfix-expression	Postfix expressions. Casts like static_cast are also classified as a postfix expression, although usually people don't consider it an operator and there is usually no confusion as to its precedence.	Left-to-right Various
++x, --x +x -x !x ~x (type) x *x &x sizeof co_await new delete	unary-expression	Prefix expressions. This also includes C-style casts, co_await, new, and delete, which not everyone expects to be an operator. Note that the operand to sizeof cannot be a C-style cast, e.g. sizeof (int)x is parsed as sizeof(int) followed by x.	Right-to-left Various
.* ->*	pm-expression	Pointer-to-member operators.	Left-to-right Binary
* / %	multiplicative-expression	Multiplicative operators.
+ -	additive-expression	Additive operators.
<< >>	shift-expression	Bitwise shift operators.
<=>	compare-expression	Three-way comparison operator.
< > <= >=	relational-expression	Relational comparison operators. Note that a < b < c means (a < b) < c and is likely a mistake.
== !=	equality-expression	Equality comparison operators. Note that a == b == c means (a == b) == c and is likely a mistake.
&	and-expression	Bitwise AND operator.
^	exclusive-or-expression	Bitwise XOR operator.
|	inclusive-or-expression	Bitwise OR operator.
&&	logical-and-expression	Logical AND operator.
||	logical-or-expression	Logical OR operator.
a?b:c	conditional-expression	Conditional operator, colloquially called "ternary operator". Note that b is parsed as if it was parenthesized, so its precedence doesn't matter.	Right-to-left Ternary
= += ... co_yield throw	assignment-expression	Regular assignment and compound assignment. Also yield expression and throw expressions.	Right-to-left Various
,	expression	Comma operator	Left-to-right Binary

Note that this list equally applies to operator precedence in C. The C++ rules are a superset of the C rules, meaning that they are the same, just with more operators.

Common Examples

Expression	Parenthesized	Explanation
x + y * z	x + (y * z)	* has higher precedence
x + y + z	(x + y) + z	+ is left-associative
x = y = z	x = (y = z)	= is right-associative
x || y && z	x || (y && z)	&& has higher precedence (this makes disjunctive normal forms easy to write)
x || y || z	(x || y) || z	|| is left-associative
x = y ? a : b	x = (y ? a : b)	?: has higher precedence, and is right-associative
*x++	*(x++)	postfix expressions have higher precedence
*++x	*(++x)	prefix expressions are right-associative
x | y << z	x | (y << z)	<< has higher precedence
cout << x ? y : z	(cout << x) ? y : z	<< has higher precedence
x << y + z	x << (y + z)	+ has higher precedence

See also on other sites

• C++ Operator Precedence on cppreference
• C++ Annex A.5 Expressions, [gram.expr]